Get me outta here!

Tuesday, November 03, 2009

More commuting news

Nine steps to dealing with commuter stress
Rebecca Smithers, consumer affairs correspondent
Friday 20 April 2007Justify FullThe Guardian

Whether gridlocked in traffic, crammed on to public transport in unbearable heat or forced to sit next to someone with poor hygiene, most of us have experienced downsides to our commute. But now a study has revealed the secrets to avoiding commuter hell.

The findings, presented yesterday by researchers from Nottingham Trent University at the 1st Applied Positive Psychology Conference in Warwick, found travellers used up to nine types of coping strategies to avoid becoming victims of commuting stress.

Effective methods included singing or talking to oneself, doing laptop work, reading, making plans for after work, and "oral gratification" - which includes chewing gum. Talking to other commuters, admiring attractive fellow travellers, and making journeys outside rush hour where possible were also popular.

In contrast, some methods which had little success included venting anger at other commuters, smoking, or drinking alcohol on public transport.

The study, Resilience and Positive Coping as Protection from Commuting-Related Stressors and Strain, was carried out by researchers Glenn Williams and Rowena Hill from the university's school of social sciences. It found those individuals with high levels of resilience to stress were most likely to have the inner-strength to master their commuting environment.

The study included a variety of transport modes - notably car, bus, train, tube, bicycle and foot. About 14% of those who took part were found to have low levels of tolerance and so using simple coping techniques was likely to have little effect.

Worst problems highlighted by commuters included insufficient room, loud music, delays, and personal odours. Others highlighted smelly foods, terror alerts, unreasonable employers, lack of facilities for people with disabilities, and being molested.

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Coping with the daily grind
By David Millward
Published: 12:01AM GMT 15 Feb 2006

The first nationwide study into the daily stress faced by commuters is being carried out by researchers at Nottingham Trent University.

The team, led by Glenn Williams, senior lecturer in psychology, is trying to ascertain how Britons cope with the daily grind of getting to and from work.

Official figures show that Britons are commuting longer distances than in the past, in many cases by road adding to congestion.

"Previous research has shown that commuting often brings about the same physical responses in us than if we were going into battle," said Dr Williams. "We want to see how commuting affects people's physical and emotional well being.

"Most importantly, we are interested in finding out the secrets to a relatively stress-free commute - is it found through going in your own car, walking or public transport?

"We want to capture the diversity of the nation's commuting experiences to provide the authoritative guide on what works to help commuters cope with the stress of getting to and from work."

The study will also take into account how Londoners' reaction to commuting has been chaged by the July tube bombings.

It is recognised that commuting can be stressful at the best of time, especially during the rush hour peaks when space on buses, trains and roads is at a premium.

It has even led to the the production of a beat travelling stress CD by Ashok Gupta, director of the Harley Street Stress Management Clinic.

Wednesday, October 28, 2009

Published and Launched

GRIFFITHS, A., KNIGHT, A., & MOHD MAHUDIN, N.D. (2009). Ageing, Work-related Stress and Health: Reviewing the Evidence. London, UK: Help The Aged.

Launched at a seminar held at the Institute of Material, Minerals and Mining, 1 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5DB on 21 October 2009 (14:00 – 17:00).

Download the report here

Tuesday, October 13, 2009

For record

National Summit On Urban Public Transport 2009
Theme: Integrating the Public Transport Network
Date: 15/10/2009 (Thursday)
Time: 08:00 - 17:00 p.m.
Venue: Prince Hotel & Residence Kuala Lumpur
Keynote Speaker: Y.B. Dato' Sri Ong Tee Keat, Minister of Transport
Organized by Asian Strategy & Leadership Incorporated Sdn Bhd (ASLI)
Website

Authors Workshop

Date: 04/08/2009 (Tuesday)
Time : 08:30 a.m. - 13:00 p.m.
Venue : Library Auditorium, Level 1, IIUM Library
Mr Amex Tan
Organized by IIUM Library with the collaboration of Emerald (Asia Pacific).
Emerald Literati Network

Briefing/Dialogue on LRT to Subang Jaya
Date : 25/07/2009 (Saturday)
Time : 16:00 -18:00 p.m.
Venue: 3K Multi-purpose Hall, 3K Sports Complex, Subang Jaya.
Co- organizers: SJRA, USJRA, BSRA, SJ Consumer Assn., Senior Citizen Club SJ, SJ Coffee Shop Assn., Persatuan Koir Song Ling,SJ
Initiated by : MCA Kelana Jaya
Speakers : Prasanara Group MD & Team
Wakil Rakyat YB Dato Seri Ong Tee Keat

Southeast Asia Psychology Conference (SEAP 2009)
Day: 09/07/2009 - 11/07/2009
Venue: Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
Theme: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities in Southeast Asia
Jointly organized by the Psychology and Social Health Research Unit and School of Psychology and Social Work, Universiti Malaysia Sabah.

Workshop on How to Conduct Meta-analysis
Date: 17/06/2009 - 17/06/2009
Time: 09:00 a.m. - 05:00 p.m.
Venue: INSTED, IIUM
Professor Dr Mohamad Sahari Nordin
Organized by Centre For Professional Development

Seminar on Issues in Psychology No.1
Day: 18/05/2009 ( Monday)
Time: 12:00 - 13:00 p.m.
Venue: Psychology Seminar Room
Presenter: Nor Diana Mohd. Mahudin
Title: Quality of rail passenger experience: the effects of crowding on health, comfort & stress - a systematic review
Organized by Social Events Committee, Department of Psychology, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)

Friday, October 09, 2009

Thank you to my RAs!

To all these wonderful people:
Siti Rohaizu Ahmad Din
Nawwar Izyan Zulkifli
Mohd. Taufik bin Mohammad
Rabiatul Adawiyah Salleh
Nurzaihan Marzuki
Haniza Mat
Siti Fathimah Che Ani
Suharyati Mat Daud
Intan Sapura Aina Mohd Yusoff
Norwahida Che Abdul Halim
Siti Farhah Ahmad Sazali
Aliya Ahmed M. Yusuf Ahmed
Nuralyani Azlisyah
Munira Abdul Jalil
Mohd Fadzly Foji
Saidatul Akmar Abdul Rahim
Wan Husna Izzati Faharul Azmi
Anisah Zainab Musa
Mardiana Mohd Salleh
Reneilda Revisionery
Nurul Shazrina Muan
Rozita Karal
Nur Syarina Masri
Nabila Ain Ahmad
Nor Atekah Ismail
Nor Soufiah Mohd Musadik
Nur Hasinah Ahmad Akhir
Nurulhuda Ibrahim
Nurul Huda Mohamed Tahir
Aliya Nasruddin
Sharifah Aishah
Siti Zubaidah Mohamed
Saliza Samiran
Norwahidah Md Hata
Nur ’Aliah Amiruddin
Faatimah Salmyyah Raheem
Rozana Ahmad
Siti Rahmah Omar
Halimaatun Syakirah Omar
Hind Aldaw Nour
Aisyah Liyana Midine
Nurulhuda Md Hassan
Mohd Husaini Hussein
Shaera Iza Abdul Halim
Siti Fatimah Md Jaafar
Dayang Asma’ Munirah Awang Damit
Rahatul Asikin Mohd Tahir
Nur Elina Mohd Kamarudin
Nurul Maslizatul Ayu Ilies


I thank you for your support and keen interest in this research. Without your energy and assistance, this research simply could not do what it aims to accomplish. Your dedicated work have made the success of this research possible, and for this I am most grateful. May Allah SWT bless you always and grant you success for this marvelous contribution.

Stress takes toll on Moscow metro commuters

Underground suicides expected to rise as more Russians lose their jobs
By Shaun Walker in Moscow

Friday, 27 March 2009

Problems at home, worried about losing your job in the economic crisis, or just feeling down? Russian medical experts have the answer – take the bus.

Travelling on Moscow's crowded metro system is provoking a wave of despair among commuters, psychologists in the city say.

About 150 people commit suicide on the metro each year and the figures are expected to rise as more Russians are laid off and confronted with money woes.

"The roar of the oncoming train compounds stress and people have the temptation to solve all their problems with one swift movement," psychotherapist Sergei Nazarov told the newspaper Novye Izvestia. He also said that using the metro for long periods each day could lead to panic attacks and a paranoid fear about being followed.

In neighbouring Ukraine, the authorities are also worried about the metro blues. Regular electricity shortages mean that often only half the lights in the metro are lit, and the Kiev operators are so worried about an increase in suicides that dramatic measures are being taken.

All the "No Exit" signs are to be removed, because of the negative moods they can induce in commuters, reports Novye Izvestia. And there are plans to re-record the on-train announcements that the doors are closing using a child's voice, to promote a happier atmosphere.

The Moscow metro, much of which was built during Stalin's reign, is one of the most efficient in the world. Many of the stations are stunningly opulent "people's palaces", built in a socialist realist style. Nevertheless, using the metro can be stressful because of overcrowding and poor air quality.

A metro spokesman, Dmitry Gaev, said the number of passengers each day has decreased by 200,000 over the past few months, probably as a result of recent job losses. But he added that about 9 million people still used the metro system every day, so the drop in passenger numbers was hardly noticeable.

Foreigners and Russians from the provinces who move to Moscow often complain about overcrowding on the metro. Considerations of personal space are put to one side as passengers rush to fill the cars before the doors close.

The tide of human traffic is such that the drivers often don't wait for everyone to board the train before shutting the doors, often leading to an undignified scrum.

Dizzyingly long escalators lead down to the stations, which are some of the deepest in the world. Many were built with the idea that they could function as shelters in the event of a nuclear attack. The air quality so far below street level is very poor – many of the ventilation shafts are positioned close to main roads, meaning that the air inside the metro stations is polluted.

The situation is even worse for metro workers, who clock up 12-hour shifts deep under the streets of the Russian capital.

In addition to the health risks of breathing in polluted air, they also suffer from the stress of being underground for so long. "Over time every single station employee or driver gets ill in some way or another," says Svetlana Razina, the leader of the Metro Workers' Union.

But for all the problems associated with the metro, Muscovites are sceptical about suggestions to use alternative forms of transport.

"Using the metro is really unpleasant," said Dmitry Sharapov, 29, who spends 45 minutes underground each morning and evening to get to and from work.

"But what's the alternative? Drive, or take the bus? It would take me twice as long and there would be just as much pollution. If it didn't lead me to suicide, it would probably lead me to murder."

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Trains run like clockwork but shoving babushkas drive you to point of insanity
By Shaun Walker in Moscow
Friday, 27 March 2009

As a seasoned traveller on both London's Tube and Moscow's metro, I find it difficult to say which one is worse.

Moscow has obvious advantages over London. The trains run like clockwork – a display records the time since the last train and it very rarely makes it to two minutes before the next one comes roaring into the station. In five years of living in the Russian capital, I can count the number of times I've been held inside a tunnel on the fingers of one hand. And the idea of whole lines experiencing "serious delays" for hours or days is unthinkable. Even when there were terrorist attacks on the metro in 2004, the affected stations were running as normal again the next day.

In a country where things so often don't work, it is a staggering model of efficiency. The unbroken human waterfall that comes cascading down the station escalators for hours on end is breathtaking. And some of the stations really are stunning – Revolution Square, with its life-size sculptures of Soviet archetypes, still leaves me speechless every time I pass through it. Komsomolskaya, with its ornate mosaics, chandeliers and gold trimming, is more Buckingham Palace than Green Park Tube.

On the other hand, the sheer level of pushing and shoving can drive you to the point of insanity. You soon realise that the worst offenders are the small but hardened babushkas, who can ruin your day with a carefully placed elbow to the kidney. Other hazards include unimaginably strong body odour, stray dogs, and ostensibly respectable businessmen who just happen to be necking four cans of 13 per cent watermelon-flavoured alcopops on their way to work at 8am.

Tuesday, September 01, 2009

The woman with no sense of personal space

If I step aboard a crowded train and see that the only free space is a cramped mid-seat gap, sandwiched between two tired-looking commuters, and faced directly opposite by three further passengers squashed close under a detritus of newspapers and laptops, then I will invariably choose to stand. By seizing the free spot, the unavoidable encroachment into my personal space would soon spoil any comfort that might be derived from resting my legs.

A new study suggests my amygdala could be responsible for this aversion. This is the walnut-shaped brain structure, housed deep in the temporal lobe of each hemisphere, that's previously been associated with emotional processing, especially fear. In a new case report, Daniel Kennedy and colleagues have documented a woman, known in the clinical literature as S.M., who has damage to the amygdala on both sides of her brain, and who appears to have no sense of personal space.

When asked to indicate the interpersonal distance at which she felt most comfortable as a female experimenter walked towards her, S.M. chose a gap of 34cm - smaller than any of twenty control participants, whose average preferred distance was 64cm. Moreover, when asked to rate her comfort (from one, "perfectly comfortable", to ten, "extremely uncomfortable") when an experimenter stood in her face, nose-to-nose with direct eye contact, she scored the situation a "one". It was a similar story when an accomplice of the researchers stood unnaturally close to S.M. in a situation that she couldn't have known was part of the experiment. By contrast, the accomplice himself told researchers that he found his proximity to S.M. uncomfortable. S.M. does, however, understand the concept of personal space, and is aware that other people prefer more space than she needs.

Kennedy's team said their finding suggests the amygdala may be involved in the strong emotional reaction that underlies personal space violations. To support their case, they scanned the brains of healthy participants and tested what happened to amygdala activation when the participants were told that a researcher was standing nearer or further away from them in the scanning lab. Crucially, when the participants were told that the researcher was nearer to them, their amygdalae activation was increased.

An interesting question for future research is how a sense of personal space develops. "It is possible that the amygdala is necessary for learning the association between close distances and aversive outcomes," the researchers said, "rather than triggering innate emotional responses to close others."
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Source:
Kennedy, D.P., Glascher, J., Tyszka, J.M., & Adolphs, R. (2009). Personal space regulation by the human amygdala. Nature Neuroscience : 10.1038/nn.2381

Further reading: A companion study published in the same issue of Nature Neuroscience and involving the same patient, S.M., suggests, contrary to prior research, that the amygdala is not needed for the rapid detection of fearful faces.

Thursday, August 27, 2009

Why train designers should avoid three-seat rows

Train companies should consider designing bigger carriages with pairs of seats only, and should avoid rows consisting of three seats. That's according to Gary Evans and Richard Wener whose new study demonstrates that it's not the overall number of people on a carriage that affects how cramped we feel, rather its the number of people in our immediate vicinity. That's why so many of the middle seats are left empty in three-seat rows.

One hundred and thirty-nine train commuters travelling from New Jersey to Manhattan, New York City were assessed after a typical journey into work. The researchers took two measures of crowding: overall carriage density, based on the total number of people on the carriage divided by the number of seats; and nearby density, based on the number of people in each participant's row, relative to the number of seats in that row.

Nearby density was found to have a significant impact on the participants' self-reported mood, concentration (based on a proof-reading task) and stress levels (measured via a cortisol swab). By contrast, overall crowding in the carriage wasn't significantly related to any of these factors.

As well as avoiding three-seat rows, the researchers advised public transport designers to include “territorial props” such as arm rests and small tables in between seats, to help prevent commuters feeling that their personal space is being infringed.
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Source:
Evans, G.W. & Wener, R.E. (2007). Crowding and personal space invasion on the train: Please don't make me sit in the middle. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27,90-94.

Emergencies inspire crowd cooperation, not panic

Crowd plus emergency equals mass panic, or so urban myths and Hollywood films would have us believe. The reality, recognised by social psychology for some time, is that people in crowds often behave in remarkably cooperative and selfless ways. A new study by John Drury and colleagues suggests that this kind of collaborative behaviour emerges when people in a crowd acquire a shared identity. And contrary to the "mass panic" perspective, an emergency can be the very catalyst that brings people together.

If you've ever been on an underground train that gets stranded mid-tunnel, or on an aeroplane that's overstayed its welcome on a runway, you might have glimpsed a mild version of this feeling of a shared fate. With the temperature rising and information lacking, you and your fellow passengers stop feeling like strangers and start to feel united in your predicament.

Drury and his colleagues asked 21 survivors of mass emergencies about these feelings of unity and about how much helping behaviour and orderliness they'd witnessed. Between them, the participants had been caught up eleven emergency situations including the crush at Hillsborough, the Harrods bomb of 1983, and the over-crowding at the Fatboy Slim beach party in 2002.

Twelve of the disaster victims described feelings of unity among the crowd, whereas nine of them said it was more a case of everyone for themselves. In turn, the participants who said their crowd was united reported experiencing a sense of a shared fate; reported seeing and experiencing more examples of people helping others, including strangers; and they also reported more signs of orderliness such as queuing to escape.

"An aggregate of individuals becomes and acts as a psychological crowd when there is a cognitive redefinition of the self from a personal to a social identity," the researchers said. "...[W]e would suggest that in liberating us from the restrictions of individuality the psychological crowd is a crucial adaptive resource for survival in mass emergencies and disasters."

The authors did also caution that their study has a number of serious limitations. Other survivors, less willing to talk than the current participants, might have had a different story to tell. Also, we know that human memory is extremely unreliable at the best of times, and some of the events described here had happened over two decades earlier.
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Source:
Drury, J., Cocking, C., & Reicher, S. (2009). Everyone for themselves? A comparative study of crowd solidarity among emergency survivors. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48 (3), 487-506 DOI: 10.1348/014466608X357893